Complex network theory provides a unifying mathematical framework for analysing systems of interacting components, representing elements as nodes and their relationships as edges. Key structural ...

Statistical physics is primarily concerned with equilibrium, macroscopic ensemble properties of a collection of elements and provides a framework for understanding and predicting the collective ...

In the face of the dual challenges of climate change and energy security, conducting in-depth research on energy and carbon emission (E&C) systems has become crucial for nations to address ...